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Bridgeman, Trapani, and Attali (2009) [pdf]
- E-Rater system that automatically grades a student’s essay
- Inaccurately high scores were given to Chinese and Korean students
- System showed poor correlation for GRE essay scores of Chinese students
Bridgeman, Trapani, and Attali (2012) [pdf]
- A later version of E-Rater system for automatic grading of GSE essay
- Chinese students were given higher scores than when graded by human essay raters
- Speakers of Arabic and Hindi were given lower scores
Ogan and colleagues (2015) [pdf]
- Multi-national model predicting learning gains from student's help-seeking behavior
- Both U.S. and combined model performed extremely poorly for Costa Rica
- U.S. model outperformed for Philippines than when trained with its own data set
Li et al. (2021) [pdf]
- Model predicting student achievement on the standardized examination PISA
- Inaccuracy of the U.S.-trained model was greater for students from countries with lower scores of national development (e.g. Indonesia, Vietnam, Moldova)
Wang et al. (2018) [pdf]
- Automated scoring model for evaluating English spoken responses
- SpeechRater gave a significantly lower score than human raters for German
- SpeechRater scored in favor of Chinese group, with H1-rater scores higher than mean